@article{oai:uec.repo.nii.ac.jp:00009358,
 author = {Ueno, Maomi and Miyazawa, Yoshimitsu},
 issue = {4},
 journal = {IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies},
 month = {Oct},
 note = {Over the past few decades, many studies conducted in the field of learning science have described that scaffolding plays an important role in human learning. To scaffold a learner efficiently, a teacher should predict how much support a learner must have to complete tasks and then decide the optimal degree of assistance to support the learner's development. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ascertain the optimal degree of assistance for learner development. For this study, it is assumed that optimal scaffolding is based on a probabilistic decision rule: Given a teacher's assistance to facilitate the learner development, an optimal probability exists for a learner to solve a task. To ascertain that optimal probability, we developed a scaffolding system that provides adaptive hints to adjust the predictive probability of the learner's successful performance to the previously determined certain value, using a probabilistic model, i.e., item response theory (IRT). Furthermore, using the scaffolding system, we compared learning performances by changing the predictive probability. Results show that scaffolding to achieve 0.5 learner success probability provides the best performance. Additionally, results demonstrate that a scaffolding system providing 0.5 probability decreases the number of hints (amount of support) automatically as a fading function according to the learner's growth capability.},
 pages = {415--428},
 title = {IRT-Based Adaptive Hints to Scaffold Learning in Programming},
 volume = {11},
 year = {2018}
}